Sunday Sermon video - Already, But Not Yet

Advent Cantata: For Us a Child Is Born

This beautiful cantata, at one time attributed to J. S. Bach, is performed by the Boulevard Presbyterian Chancel Choir, accompanied by chamber orchestra. 

Higher quality video available on my YouTube channel.

Spiritual Hiccups - Mangers and Crosses

It seems a bit jarring to read, less than two weeks before Christmas, of Jesus' betrayal and arrest.  Today's gospel lection tells of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane, and of Judas leading a crowd of police, priests, and elders who come out to seize Jesus under cover of darkness.

Some years ago, during a Hanging of the Greens service at the beginning of Advent, I leaned a wooden cross against the empty manger and left it there for the next couple of Sundays.  I really heard about that one. I don't think any sermon, hymn selection, or other worship move ever generated that level or intensity or complaint.  A lot of us, it seems, don't want the cross interfering with Christmas.

On a surface level, this is easy to understand.  We're celebrating a birth, a moment of beauty and hope.  Who would want to bring the pain of the cross into that moment?  But of course the two gospel writers who mention Jesus' birth, Matthew and Luke, both include hints of trouble to come in their accounts.  In Matthew, Jesus' family has to flee for their lives following the visit of the Wise Men, narrowly escaping the slaughtering of all the infants in Bethlehem.  And in Luke, Simeon tells the baby Jesus' mother, "This child is destined for the falling and the rising of many in Israel, and to be a sign that will be opposed so that the inner thoughts of many will be revealed--and a sword will pierce your own soul too."

I wonder if most all of us, to some degree, wouldn't prefer a crossless Jesus.  Surely there is some way to avoid this. Surely this isn't absolutely necessary.  Despite the fact that fact that the Apostle Paul speaks of wanting to know only Christ crucified, despite his insistence that Christ crucified is the wisdom and power of God, the cross unnerves us.  And this manifests itself in ways as diverse as blaming the Jews for Jesus' death, sparse attendance at Good Friday services, or being startled by a cross in the Advent decorations.

Soon we will proclaim, "Christ the Savior is born."  Perhaps the Apostle Paul would say "the crucified Christ."  And to be honest, I'm not exactly sure how to hold all that together.

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Sunday Sermon audio - Already, But Not Yet

On the day of an Advent cantata in our traditional service, an early service sermon on John the Baptist's question to Jesus in Matthew 11. Even though the world often looks unchanged, Jesus says God's rule is "Already." But we must point to its "Not Yet."
 
Already, But Not Yet - Dec. 12, Advent 3.mp3

Because this is recorded in different worship service, one where I don't stay in a pulpit, the sound quality varies a bit as I move around.  Apologies.

Spiritual Hiccups - God, I Need You

When a toddler at the playground falls and skins a knee, there's often a brief moment of stunned silence followed by cries and screams.  This normally produces a swift parental response as Mom or Dad swoops in to help the child and makes things all better.  Indeed most of would be appalled if a parent failed to act this way.  It is simply how things are supposed to be.  A parent should care for a child in need or distress.  That's a parent's job.

Given how common Father language is when talking about God, it's not surprising that some parental expectations get transferred onto God.  I've even heard a few folks go so far as to say, "It's God's job to help me out, to do stuff for me."  And I once read where someone said, "God has to forgive me.  That's his job."

I have to admit to falling into such feeling myself at times.  Some of my biggest faith struggles arise when I don't think God is being attentive enough to me, when God isn't responding to me as I would like.  But every once in a while, I remember that God acts the parent is not because God has to, but because God chooses to. 

If you read the Noah stories in Genesis, the whole human enterprise seems to be a failure, one that God seriously considers erasing and then starting over with a clean slate.  But for some inexplicable reason, God decides to commit to humanity.  It's not God's job, and God doesn't have to.  But there is something about God's nature - perhaps the God is love part - that compels God to stick with us.

And so the psalmist can cry out,
   Hear my prayer, O LORD;
         let my cry come to you.
   Do not hide your face from me
         in the day of my distress.
   Incline your ear to me;
         answer me speedily in the day when I call.

Even though the psalmist knows that his days are "like an evening shadow;" that he will "wither away like grass," while God's "name endures to all generations, still he can say to God, "You will rise up and have compassion on Zion."

In this time of year with all its gifts and presents, we may do well to occasionally recall what a gift it is that God is mindful of us, that God doesn't simply leave us on our own.  That God loves us, comes to us, and becomes our Parent when God does not have to, might just be the most amazing gift of all.

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Spiritual Hiccups - Satan and Christmas

Satan shows up in two of today's readings.  Many modern Christians, certainly many in denominations like my own, don't know what to do with this character.  In fact, many of us are downright embarrassed by the idea of Satan or a devil.  Perhaps this is the product of the optimism and belief in progress that so characterized modernity.  If some cosmic being is always working against us, even if Satan is simply the personification of a cosmic evil that works against us, that shatters our hopes that if only we work hard enough, we can finally end poverty, end disease, end war, end suffering.

This may be a particularly acute problem for those of us in so-called "mainline" churches.  For much of our history we've been closely allied and aligned with the culture.  And we came to understand our faith as fully compatible with culture and nation.  But if we must reckon with evil, and especially if biblical passages speaking of Satan as "the ruler of this world" are taken at all seriously, then nation, world, and culture end up being complicated places, not simply the arena for progress.

I think that stereotypical images of Satan as some guy with horns and a pitchfork are to be laughed at.  Such images trivialize the problem of evil.  But the need for God to intervene in history, the need for a Messiah, for Christmas and a cross, all say that we humans cannot finally "save" ourselves.  And I use "save" here not as a synonym for going to heaven, but in the biblical sense, meaning to heal, make whole, rescue, restore, and set right. 

Perhaps the most basic reason that we don't like to deal with Satan or evil comes down to not wanting to admit the power that evil, that sin has over us.  We don't want to think that we could ever have betrayed Jesus.  We don't want to think we would have been among those who failed to recognize him as the Messiah.  We don't want to consider the possibility that we might have joined the crowd in shouting, "Crucify him."  Not us!

But Christmas insists that we need saving - from evil, from sin, from our own self destructive ways, from our arrogance, from our tendency to trust in things other than God, be they money, nation, ideology, church, or progress.

But of course the hope of Christmas also insists that evil, Satan, and sin, are no match for God.  Evil is real, but evil's greatest triumph, the cross, only leads to Resurrection, the herald of God's coming new day.  And so we will work against poverty, and war, and hunger, and oppression, not because we "believe" in progress, but because we trust that this is the shape of the salvation God is bringing.

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Spiritual Hiccups - Dealing with Sin

I have known a few Christians who seemed to think that as long as you believed in Jesus, nothing else you did mattered.  But in truth, rare is the person of faith who does not think her faith demands a certain ethic or morality.  Most all of us know that Jesus demands we love God and love neighbor.  And more careful readers of the Bible know that Jesus says he fulfills the Old Testament Law, not abrogates it.  But at the same time, most Christians know that Jesus talks a fair amount about forgiveness.

Out of all this and more, we Christians have developed a complicated and messy relationship with sin.  For starters, we prefer to think of other people as the real sinners rather than us.  I see this in my Presbyterian tradition, where corporate prayers of confession are long standing part of worship.  This is the element of worship I hear the most complaints about and the most suggestions that we should either drop it or at least tone it down.  (If you'd like to see this in action yourself, try getting folks to recite the answer to Question 5 from the "Heidelberg Catechism."  In response to the question of whether anyone can keep God's Law it says, "No, for by nature I am prone to hate God and my neighbor.)

But if we are prone to downplay our own sin, we have no such problems with it comes theirs.  Of course this requires that we tend to be appalled at their sort of sins while being understanding about our more banal sorts of sin.  I am convinced that the current battles over homosexuality in the Church come about because of how safe the majority feels concerning this particular "sin."  I think people on both sides of this Church fight can agree that we're not likely to ban those who practice "unrepentant greed" from being members or pastors or anything else in the Church.

In today's gospel reading, Jesus is confronted with how to respond to someone's sin.  The religious leaders bring him a women caught committing adultery, and remind him that the Law proscribes death by stoning for the offense.  Jesus' response doesn't really uncomplicate things for us.  He doesn't speak against the Law, asking only that one without sin himself begin the rock tossing.  When no one in the crowd is willing to follow through, Jesus states clearly that he will not condemn the woman.  But he also tells her, "Go your way, and from now on do not sin again."  Too bad the story doesn't continue on and have Jesus meet her a second time when she's been caught again.

It seems to me that religious people often want to use their sin as markers and boundaries.  Their sort of sin puts you on the outside.  But in this story Jesus won't draw a boundary, even though he tells the woman to change her behavior.  I realize this doesn't neatly solve any debates about what is or isn't actually a sin, but it does seem to speak of a different sort of relationship toward "sinners." 

I wonder what it would look like for the Church to be a place that took very seriously the need to live in conformity with God's ways, but where "sinners" still heard, "I do not condemn you."

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Spiritual Hiccups - Community

In his letter to the congregation at Thessalonica, Paul writes, "Be at  peace among yourselves.  And we urge you, beloved, to admonish the idlers, encourage the faint hearted, help the weak, be patient with all of them.  See that none of you repays evil for evil, but always seek to do good to one another and to all.  Rejoice always, pray without ceasing, give thanks in all circumstances; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you.  Do not quench  the Spirit.  Do not despise the words of prophets, but test everything; hold fast to what is good; abstain from every form of evil."

Much has been written over the last few decades, in both secular and religious venues, about the loss of community in our day.  Robert Putman's acclaimed bestseller, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community pointed to the fraying of America's social fabric, as well as to some ways to reweave it.  And I think that the Church plays a vital role in both the loss of community as well as any hope for recovering it.

On the loss side, Christianity in America has too often wedded itself to our culture's individualism so that salvation often becomes a purely personal thing about me getting right with Jesus.  As long as I believe in Jesus or have personal relationship with him, I'm good.  At times this faith becomes incredibly self centered with each person responsible for his or her own faith, despite the fact that Jesus says we are to be more focused on God's rule and on the other than on self.

My favorite professor in seminary, Doug Ottati, was fond of saying that God acted in Jesus to create "true communion with God in true community with others."  In Acts 4:32-37, Luke paints a picture of what this would look like.  And I suspect Paul has something similar in mind when he writes the Thessalonians.  No one in such a community is ever "on her own." 

In the run up to Christmas, both church and secular groups engage in a spasm of caring and giving.  Needy families will receive boxes of food and presents for their children.  But if this is an act of community, it rarely lives beyond the Christmas season.  And I wonder if one of the most powerful witnesses the Church could offer the world might not be to demonstrate what true community looked like all year long.

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Sunday Sermon video - Advent Imagination

Spiritual Hiccups - Riches, Taxes, and Jubilee

As I write this the news media are reporting a possible deal between Democrats and Republicans that would extend the about-to-expire tax cuts for all income levels in exchange for extending unemployment benefits to the millions with none left who still cannot find jobs.  I don't usually get "political" in these posts, but I confess that I am befuddled by conservatives' insistence that tax cuts must include all income groups, even those making millions.  Considering how many of these conservatives wear their Christian faith on their sleeves, want the 10 Commandments displayed, and the Bible revered, I wonder if they read the same Bible that I do.

The Bible doesn't have a lot good to say about those with wealth.  Today's verses from Isaiah are just a small sample of the prophets railing against the rich getting richer while the poor suffer.  "Ah, you who join house to house, who add field to field, until  there is room for no one but you, and you are left to live alone in  the midst of the land!"  Isaiah is condemning the wealthy who buy up land from people who are in financial difficulty, gradually controlling more and more. 

And the laws that came with those 10 Commandments had provision for undoing this.  Every 50th year land was supposed to revert to those families who had sold it during times of hardship.  It is uncertain how well this Jubilee Year law was obeyed, however.  Those with wealth are generally pretty good at hanging on to it.

One of the more disturbing economic statistics of our day is the growing disparity between rich and poor.  The gap between what a working person makes and what a CEO makes has increased exponentially in the past 50 years.  And despite Jesus saying, "Blessed are you who are poor," and "Woe to you who are rich," most of us want to hang on to as much of our riches as we can.

I saw another pastor post something online the other day suggesting how we should simple allow the tax cuts to expire, even for those of us making pastors' salaries.  The nine or ten dollars a week we would lose would be money well spent to keep from burdening our children with a national debt, as well as insuring that crucial services are maintained.  But based on the responses I saw to his post, not many of his parishioners agreed with him. 

No where in the gospels does Jesus encourage accumulating possession or worrying about money, and he regularly calls people to give away what they have.  Yet we in this "Christian nation" pursue money and things like no nation on earth.  Our entire economy is based on people becoming "consumers," on them buying more and more.

I'm not suggesting any particular solutions or policies.  I'm not at all certain how one would implement an economy that was at all in keeping with Scripture without causing huge economic upheaval.  But it does seem to me that we who are Christians should, at the very least, examine the ways in which our basic economic assumptions run counter to the basic witness of Scripture.

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Sunday Sermon audio - Advent Imagination

Advent Imagination - Dec. 5, Advent 2.mp3

Text of Sunday Sermon - Advent Imagination

Matthew 3:1-12

Advent Imagination

James Sledge                                                               December 5, 2010 – Advent 2

I saw this post on Facebook the other day from a pastor colleague.  It read: “crowdsourcing a hymn for Sunday: is singing ‘Hark, the Herald Angels Sing’ sacrilege for Advent even when its themes of peace fit very well into the texts and sermon?”  Within minutes it had sparked a number of comments varying from “Don’t do it,” to “Go for it.”  Lots of pastors and churchgoers, it seems, have a somewhat difficult relationship with Advent.

Centuries ago, when Christmas was not all that big a deal, Advent was developed as a kind of miniature Lent.  But as Christmas has grown into a bigger and bigger cultural event, Advent has been co-opted into a longer and longer Christmas season

And this means that a typical question when pastors and church musicians talk about Advent and Christmas is, “If you don’t want to get your congregation mad, how far into Advent can you go without singing Christmas carols?”  And this tension is only aggravated by the Scripture readings assigned for Advent.  Until the fourth Sunday, there is no mention at all of Mary or Joseph or a virgin birth, absolutely nothing that looks like Christmas.

If you were not a churchgoer and popped in for today, you would likely be somewhat stunned to hear nothing said about mangers or shepherds or baby Jesus, to hear instead John the Baptist shouting, “Repent for the kingdom of heaven has come near.”

There’s simply no turning John into anything cute or adorable for Christmas.  No one puts John on Christmas cards or wrapping paper.  No Christmas carols demand that we “Repent.”  Yet all four gospel writers feel the need to put John at the beginning of the story they tell.  And every single Advent, John pops up once more, a jarring counter-image to sleigh bells, twinkling lights, and a sweet little eight pound, six ounce baby Jesus in the manger. 

To be honest, I’m not entirely sure why the people of John’s day went out to see him.  I think I would have avoided someone like John, a crazy looking guy yelling for me to repent.  I suppose you have to be disillusioned with life and the world to turn to someone like John.  People who are happy and content don’t go out to hear crazy prophets in the desert.  And they sure don’t get baptized and change the way they live so that they’ll be ready for the new day that is coming, unless they really, desperately, want and need a new day.  You have to be a little desperate to hope that God is going to intervene, that God’s rule is going to come and straighten out a broken and troubled world.

Maybe that’s why John singles out the Pharisees and Sadducees.  They were the in-crowd, religious folk, the pastors and elders and bishops of their day.  They may have been curious, even intrigued by this prophet everyone was going to see, but they weren’t ready to change, to live differently in expectation of something new.

I’m not sure I’m ready to change, to live differently in expectation of a new day.  I’m a lot like those Pharisees and Sadducees.  John is mostly a curiosity to me.  He’s an Advent oddball, an interruption in the Christmas preparations that are about the only getting ready I’m doing.  And John doesn’t call people to get ready for Christmas of for Jesus.  He calls them to get ready for God’s new day, a day when God’s will is done on earth as it is in heaven.  And Jesus says the very same thing when he shows up.  Get ready, turn and change the way you live, for God’s kingdom is drawing near.

But we don’t see it.  We can’t really picture a day when “the wolf shall live with the lamb…” when “the earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea.”  We can’t imagine such a thing and so we’ll celebrate and enjoy another Christmas, then get back to life as usual.

But Isaiah and John and Jesus can imagine such a thing.  They can picture a day when God transforms human history, when God’s will becomes the way of everyone on earth.  They can see it, and so they shout, “Get ready.  Repent, for the kingdom has come near.” 

I have come to think that the peculiar curse of modernity and the scientific age is the loss of imagination.  We have become so accustomed to thinking in terms of cause and effect that we cannot see possibilities not supported by “the facts.”  We look around at the world and we “know” that nothing can bring peace, nothing can end terrorism, nothing can make Israel and Palestine, the US and Iran, North and South Korea, get along and trust one another.  It just isn’t possible.  We can’t even imagine it.

But prophets can.  Contrary to what many think, prophets generally do not predict the future.  Rather they are people whose intimate relationship with God grants them vivid imaginations.  They see things that others can’t see, and they find hope that others can’t find.

Which makes me wonder if John Lennon was a prophet.  Although I know many pastors who abhor it, one of my favorite songs is Lennon’s “Imagine.”  I suppose some dislike the song because it begins, “Imagine there’s no heaven.  It’s easy if you try.  No hell below us; above us only sky.”  I can see why that bothers people, but in fact it is fairly easy to imagine no heaven.  People have such faith crises all the time.  People of deep faith at times find themselves struggling to believe in a good and just God who will redeem the world. 

But other things are much harder to imagine.  “Imagine no possessions. I wonder if you can.  No need for greed or hunger.  A brotherhood of man.  Imagine all the people sharing all the world.”

I make no claims that John Lennon was a believer much less a Christian prophet.  But the vision his imagination conjures up is remarkably similar to the day Jesus envisions.  It is remarkably like the vision of a new day that compels John to shout, “Repent, for the kingdom of God has come near.”

As we move through Advent, most of us are focused on Christmas, on its joy and its traditions, on its warmth and its nostalgia, on the momentary respite its celebration provides from the harsh realities of the world.  But John the Baptist interrupts our Christmas preparations.  He shows up at the Christmas party like an unwanted guest who throws cold water on our Christmas fun. 

But John is no spoil-sport.  He does not come to dampen the celebration, but to help us see something more.  John interrupts our Advent of waiting for Christmas to prod our imaginations, to get them working again, to call us to hope in God’s new day, a day that cannot be perceived through facts or evidence of how things are, that can only be glimpsed by faithful imagination.

Come, Lord Jesus!  Help us see as you see, dream as you dream, imagine as you imagine, that we may live as you lived.

Come, Lord Jesus.

Spiritual Hiccups - Unquenchable Love

For the last few days, the readings from Isaiah have spoken of judgment and punishment, of how Israel's determination to live in opposition to God leads inevitably to tragedy.  But with the prophets there is almost always a move to restore and set things right.  "On that day the branch of the LORD shall be beautiful and glorious." 

Many people speak of "the God of the Old Testament" who they view as a vengeful, punishing God.  But this seems to miss some of the most remarkable verses of the Bible that speak of God working to overcome human foolishness.  God is committed to Israel and to humanity far beyond anything that springs from logic or reason.  Living in ways that are contrary to the design of the Creator is bound to cause problems, but God keeps intervening, not allowing human refusal to live as we were created to live to have the final say.

One of the great hopes of Advent is the promise that while humanity's incredible capacity to destroy, hurt, oppress, exploit, wage war, and so on does indeed lead to much suffering, brokenness, and death, these foolish actions will not determine the future.  God's love, God's commitment to humanity - a commitment and love that at times seems downright ridiculous - will finally bend history to God's will. 

And so while I will enjoy the good cheer and the spirit of the Christmas season, my real hope lies in God's commitment to us, to me, and that unquenchable love that keeps God "for us" in spite of how absurd such a notion sometimes seems.

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Spiritual Hiccups - Coins in the Kettle

It's the time of year when Salvation Army kettles start to show up at stores and malls.  If I've got some change in my pocket, I'll drop a little in as I leave the store, but if all I have is a $20 bill, probably not.  And that reminds me of a story I heard long ago about a preacher from Alabama know as Brother Bryan.  Bryan was a fixture in Birmingham in the early 1900s as well as an advocate for the poor and homeless.  Though pastor at Third Presbyterian from seminary graduation until retirement, he apparently thought of himself as pastor to the entire town.

On one occasion Bryan engaged a fellow - not a church member - in a discussion about the spiritual discipline of tithing.  He explained to the man that tithing meant setting aside the first ten percent of his income to God.  At this point the man responded, "Oh, I could never do that.  I'm wealthy and make a lot of money.  I could never afford to give away ten percent of that." 

Brother Bryan said, "I think we need to pray about this."  He proceeded to look up to heaven and cry out, "Cut him down, Lord, cut him down!  Reduce this man's income so he can afford to tithe." 

The object of Brother Bryan's prayer seems to be the flip side of Jesus' comments about the widow who put her two coins in the Temple treasury.  The more we have, the more protective we become of what we have, and the more difficult it becomes to part with significant portions of it.  And I think this raises questions about what makes for a meaningful and full life.  Most of us are fully acculturated to the notion that happiness and contentment comes from having a bit more.  But much of what Jesus says indicates the opposite.

I wrestle with this in my own life.  I have things that I want, that I would like to have.  Are these the "bit more" that I think will make me happy?  Where is the line that, once crossed, tends to make me more and more protective of what I have so that I can no longer be truly generous with God and others?  At what point does more become a curse rather than a blessing?  Is there such a line or is it more a matter of heart and attitude?

I won't suggest that Salvation Army kettles are the best measure of one's generosity.  Some very generous people may have good reasons to prefer other charities.  But seeing a Salvation Army kettle can still serve as a kind of check, a way to reflect on where I am with regards to what Jesus says about full, abundant, and meaningful life.

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Spiritual Hiccups - What Enemies?

I've always been a bit uncomfortable with a line in this morning's psalm (as well as the song based on it).  "I call upon the LORD, who is worthy to be praised, so I shall be saved from my enemies."  To begin with, I don't really have what I consider enemies.  Certainly I have people who don't care for me and who don't like me.  But this is as likely to be my fault as theirs, so I cringe at the notion of God needing to do something about them.  Also, this psalm sometimes conjures up images of enlisting God in our national causes.  But I am extremely uncomfortable assuming that the enemies of America are necessarily the enemies of God.

But at a Bible study last night we were talking about the Kingdom that Jesus says is drawing near, and how the ways of this new age are at odds with the ways of the world.  The gospels make it abundantly clear that the those who embrace the ways of the Kingdom will find themselves in conflict with the world, just as Jesus did.  And Jesus says that if we follow him, we will be hated and despised just as he was.  And I have no enemies.

How did we go from Jesus' warning that "If they persecuted me, they will persecute you," to the life of relative ease Christians enjoy in America.  No doubt some will suggest that this is because we are a "Christian nation," but does that mean that America somehow embodies the Kingdom or provides a faithful witness to God's new day as Jesus says his followers must? 

Even a cursory reading of the gospels will demonstrate how little America looks like the Kingdom.  America may be the most wonderful country on earth, but it is not a place where the powerful are brought down and the lowly lifted up, where the hungry are filled with good things and the rich are sent away empty.  It is not a place where swords are beaten into plowshares or that believes Jesus when he says, "One's life does not consist in the abundance of possessions," or "None of you can become my disciples if you do not give up all your possessions."

The fact is that the Church has done a pretty good job of domesticating Jesus and his message.  That's not an American thing.  It began more than 1600 years ago when the emperor Constantine embraced the faith.  But of course once the empire became "Christian," Christianity couldn't go around talking about a new kingdom of God what would overthrow the ways of Rome.  And so the promises of God's coming Kingdom gradually got relegated to a better life after death. And this domestication continues.  It is manifest in the notion that Jesus came primarily to offer personal salvation to individuals and in Glenn Beck's assertion that Christians shouldn't worry about "social justice."

And me, I enjoy a relatively comfortable job as a pastor where my only "enemies" are the occasional folks who get mad because I haven't visited them enough or who didn't like something I said in a sermon.

To be honest, I don't really know where this train of thought is headed, but as we move through Advent and Christmas, when we hear once again about swords beaten into plowshares, the Prince of Peace, and peace on earth, it seems to me that I need to take a hard look at how faithful I am to Jesus' call to be his disciple.  Jesus didn't go looking for enemies - he even heals one of those who arrested him - but when he is faithful to God's will, he becomes a threat that earthly powers cannot ignore.  So why does the world so easily dismiss me and the Church?

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Spiritual Hiccups - Prophetic Imagination

Today's words from Isaiah are justifiably famous.  "They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more."  During Advent, we sometimes say that this is what we are waiting for, for the day when God shall put an end to all disputes, and the nations can get rid of their arsenals.  Come, Lord Jesus.

But we don't really believe it.  When the Soviet Union collapse late in the 20th Century, some people talked about a "peace dividend."  If the Soviets were no longer our enemies, if we no longer needed to engage in a never ending arms race, surely our defense costs would plummet.  But the peace dividend never materialized.  There is always some new threat for those whose security is found in weapons and armies.  There is never a point where you have enough weapons or good enough weapons for every possible threat.

But for some reason, the prophet imagines a time when this will not be so.  In that time all people will be drawn to God and will learn to walk in God's ways.  And God "shall judge between the nations, and shall arbitrate for many peoples."  The peace dividend will finally materialize when God steps in to settle disputes.  But of course that will never happen in our lifetimes.  One cannot make plans, set policies, or calculate defense budgets on such fantasies.

Sometimes I think that the curse of our time is our practical realism paired with a dearth of imagination.  We cannot see beyond the facts, and so we cannot hope beyond the facts.  The kindest things we will say about those few who can imagine and dream of an end to war or poverty is that they are "idealistic" or "naive."  If we are feeling charitable we may smile at them and nod.  But we pay them no attention.

Prophets have vivid imaginations.  They see possibilities that the "facts on the ground" do not support.  And the biblical prophets are so bold as to claim that their imaginations are rooted in God's hopes and dreams for the world.  The world generally dismisses such prophets, but still they call us to latch on to their imaginings, their visions of something new and wonderful.

Perhaps an appropriate Advent prayer would be asking God to restore our imaginations.  Then we might be able to hope for, and begin to live toward, the new thing God imagines.

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Spiritual Hiccups - The Word for Franchisees

Over the years I have come to realize that Christians approach the Bible from a number of different vantage points.  This cause lots of issues and problems, especially for Protestant Christians, with our greater emphasis on the witness of Scripture.  And today's reading may be one small case in point.

When Jesus tells "The Parable of the Wicked Tenants," how are we to appropriate his words?  For some the Bible is primarily a history, and so this is simply an account of Jesus condemning the Jewish authorities, a passage that provides "proof" that the new covenant through Jesus supersedes the old covenant with Israel.

Others, myself included, see the Bible writers as less concerned with history and more concerned with guiding Christians in their lives of faith.  Luke's gospel makes clear that the author expects his readers already to know the story of Jesus.  He wants to help them understand its significance for their lives.  And if Luke is not trying to relate "what happened," what does he expect his readers to garner from these verses?

Gentile Christians might have heard these verses very differently than you or I do.  At a time when most Christians understood themselves to be Jewish, the parable speaks good news to Gentile outsiders regarding their inclusion into the covenant. 

But what of us today?  If anything, modern Christians' attitudes are quite the opposite of those first Gentile Christians.  We aren't the latecomers to the party who others regard with suspicion.  We've been running the show for centuries.  Rare is the Christian nowadays who thinks of herself as a Jew.  We have taken our place as the tenants.  We've taken over the franchise.  And so, does the parable speak a different word to us as tenants, as franchisees? 

One of the fundamental claims of Christianity is that God's Word became flesh in the Incarnation.  Such a claim has interesting implications.  The Incarnation speaks of a Word that is not some static truth, but that is engaged with us, that seeks to meet us and to somehow change us in the encounter.  But reducing the Bible to facts with one simple meaning seems to deny God this freedom to move dynamically in our lives, to speak to us what is important for us to hear now, to say things quite different from what needed to be spoken to First Century, Gentile Christians in the Mediterranean world.

When we go to the Bible, what do we hope to find there?  Are we looking for "proofs," or are we hoping to encounter the Living God who seeks to transform us into something new? 

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Preaching Thoughts on a Non-Preaching Sunday

Until I became a pastor, I don't think I ever realized that the scripture readings for the first Sunday in Advent were always about "days to come," about the return of Jesus.  The first Sunday in the waiting and preparing of Advent is about waiting and preparing for the Kingdom.

Growing up I always thought that Advent was about getting ready to celebrate Christmas.  It was simply a way of building excitement prior to the big day, the church's equivalent of the shopping season.  But I have come to realize that Advent calls for a much more profound sort of waiting and preparing.

As much as I enjoy celebrating Christmas, the trouble with an Advent that anticipates nothing more than another Christmas is that it anticipates nothing new.  It anticipates a celebration, but one that only remembers.  It doesn't look forward to much.  When we've finished Advent and Christmas is done, nothing will have changed.  We will put away the decorations and go back to life as usual.

But the promise of Christmas is that God has acted and will act in history.  The coming of Jesus is about a decisive break in human history that heralds a new day, one that the church is called to proclaim, enact, and embody until it arrives.  But we appear to have forgotten this.  We do not seem to think God will do anything on the earthly stage.  We've deferred all that until "after death."  When it comes to human history, many Christians imagine a remarkably impotent God.

But Advent calls us to look at the darkness of the world, the pain and injustice, the suffering and war, and to know that the coming of Christ is but the first act of a two act play.  Advent invites us to remember that God notices the world's pain and darkness, that God does act within human history, and that God will finally bend history to God's hopes and dreams.

In the uncertainty of our age, I think we would all do well to enter into Advent rather than a Christmas prelude.  We would do well to recall that the darkness of human history is the arena where Jesus appears, that the darkness of human history is what God will transform.  For when we can truly do that, we may be able to hope and live for something much more than yet another Christmas.

Spiritual Hiccups - Quenching Our Thirst

I haven't made it out shopping yet.  Nothing against shopping.  I'm sure I'll enjoy doing a bit before we get too close to Christmas.  But I'll never be one of the those folks I saw on the news Thursday night; in line, dressed in pajamas, standing in the rain at the local outlet mall, waiting for the official midnight start of Black Friday. (The pajamas made people eligible for some sort of special prizes.)

One of the people interviewed on the news spoke of "living for" such moments.  I don't want to over-read what may be nothing more than hyperbole, but that remark made me wonder about what it is we "live for."  What is it that is truly meaningful, truly sustaining, truly feeds us at the deepest level. Such questions revived when I read from today's psalm.
   O God, you are my God, I seek you,
         my soul thirsts for you;
   my flesh faints for you,
         as in a dry and weary land where there is no water.

I saw a Christmas themed Lexus commercial this morning where the narrator said something about how, if we're honest, we must admit we've never hoped for a smaller present.  Meanwhile a Lexus is packaged and wrapped in the driveway.  Again this is probably hyperbole.  Many people are happy with small presents.  But the commercial assumes we will get it, that we will nod our heads in agreement that bigger is better, that more will satisfy us better than less.

What would truly quench the thirst in many of our souls?  What would truly feed the hunger we have that we don't know how to satisfy?  Our culture says the answer is, "More, bigger."  But we never seem to be satisfied.  And our thirst never seems quenched.  Perhaps the culture is wrong.  But it seems so much more sensible than that silliness Jesus is selling.

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Spiritual Hiccups - Thanksgiving and Loss

We'll be gathering at the home of friends soon for Thanksgiving with all the fixings.  With several families bringing food, there will be no way to sample everything.  I'm sure there will be at least five or six choices for dessert alone.  Living a long way from my family back in the Carolinas, I truly appreciate being able to join with good friends on this day. 

But at the same time, I've been thinking a lot lately about Thanksgiving in the midst of loss.  That first Thanksgiving was born out of terrible loss.  Huge numbers of the Pilgrims had died, and the original Thanksgiving celebrated the fact that some of them were still alive and had food for the coming winter.  Not really about abundance and cornucopias.

In this morning's Columbus newspaper is a Thanksgiving story about a family whose toddler is alive because of an organ transplant, which of course was possible because of another family's terrible loss.  Then the pre-game show for the NFL game featured a reunion of those whose lives were changed by transplants from a football player whose mother made the choice to donate his organs after he was killed in a terrible accident.  And as a pastor I have regularly observed how people preparing for funerals often discover that this is the first time they have paused long enough to really remember and recall a loved one.  The thanks and gratitude of such moments is often poignant, and sometimes tinged with regret.

We live in a culture of accumulation and consumerism, and we often connect Thanksgiving with abundance.  But I do not think abundance produces the deepest thanks, something the writer of Psalm 116 seem acutely aware of.  I hope that is something I can keep in mind as I enjoy my Thanksgiving meal this evening.

This Thanksgiving, I pray that you have the time to pause, take stock, and give thanks for those deepest blessings of life.

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Spiritual Hiccups - Dinner at Your Place

I suppose it is a coincidence that on the eve of Thanksgiving the gospel reading is about Jesus having dinner at Zacchaeus' house.  Perhaps you remember Zacchaeus from the children's song; "... a wee little man was he."  Short Zacchaeus climbed a tree to see the Jesus parade passing through Jericho.  Jerusalem and the cross loom large for Jesus at this point, with Jericho the last stop before entering Jerusalem.  But Jesus brings the parade to a halt, looks up into the tree at Zacchaeus, and says, "I'm having dinner and spending the night at your place."

No one is much pleased about this, other than Zacchaeus.  Old Zack is a tax collector, which in the Roman world was basically a sanctioned criminal.  Jews like Zacchaeus had paid the Romans for their positions.  They had a set amount to collect, and anything they managed beyond that was theirs.  With Roman might at their disposal, they shook down their fellow Jews, growing wealthy as they robbed their neighbors and supported an occupying empire.  Of all the people for Jesus to pick.

On this day when lots of people are headed to Grandma's house, we hear Jesus invite himself to Zacchaeus' house.  No Norman Rockwell painting here.  Zacchaeus friends are likely as unsavory as he is, and the house is the product of ill gotten gain.  But there is Jesus at the table.  The occasion overwhelms Zacchaeus, who vows to turn over a new leaf.  And Jesus says, "Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham."  In other words, the last person anyone would invite for Thanksgiving is restored to the community, is a beloved member of the family.

Thanksgiving and the upcoming Christmas season usually prompt an outpouring of help for the less fortunate, often in the form of food and dinners.  Our congregation does this as well, and many of the recipients are thrilled to receive what we bring.  But in my experience, the divide of "us" and "them" often remains.  So how do we become community?  How do we become family?

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Spiritual Hiccups - Kingdom Priorities

As a pastor, I find that it is easy for me to get preoccupied with the tasks of professional ministry, so preoccupied that I can miss opportunities for showing Christ to others.  One of the big items in my work is Sunday worship.  It is important work, but I wonder what Jesus would think about the way I and many attending worship might respond to someone in need.  I can get so focused on the upcoming service that I become oblivious to much of what is going on around me.  And I mentioned in this blog before a time when the ushers at our church escorted a man seeking assistance out of the building, telling him to come back later, at a better time.

I wonder if I and those ushers and lots of other folks wouldn't have chimed in with the crowd in today's gospel who "sternly ordered" a blind beggar to be quiet when he cried out for Jesus' help.  Surely Jesus had more important things to do.  He has just told his disciples that he is headed to Jerusalem where he will be mocked, flogged, and killed.  He is on his way to his moment with destiny.  Surely he hasn't time for one so unimportant as this blind beggar.

Luke's gospel tells us repeatedly that Jesus brings a new day where the poor and unimportant are lifted up while the rich and powerful are pulled down.  God's kingdom is full of reversals, and Jesus enacts one as he heals this blind beggar, who then joins Jesus on the way.

In our current economic climate, lots of congregations and charities are hurting for money.  Many churches are struggling to balance budgets, pondering where to make cuts.  Mission dollars are often a tempting target because they represent the largest share of "discretionary" spending.  And a $5000 cut in mission giving is surely preferable to a $5000 cut in my salary. 

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Sunday Sermon video - The Days Are Surely Coming

Spiritual Hiccups - Gratitude and Anxiety

Giving thanks is a fundamental act of faith.  The Psalms are filled with calls the give thanks and offer thanksgiving.  "O Give thanks to the LORD..."  In my own Calvinist tradition, gratitude is understood as the prime motivator of a Christian life.  And so this week when most all Americans celebrate Thanksgiving would seem to be a moment when an entire nation could engage in a shared religious experience without worrying too much about particular theological doctrines or differences.  So it would seem, except that we have a hard time squeezing much thanks or gratitude into what we call Thanksgiving. 

Most of us know some version of that first Thanksgiving celebrated by the Pilgrims.  But aside from the fact of a meal, I'm not sure it has much in common with our celebration.  Theirs was centered around joy that they had survived, that God had provided (with the assistance of Native Americans being a significant part of that providence).  In the midst of suffering and death, of the very real threat that none of them would make it, God had seen them through.

But our version of Thanksgiving has become a celebration of abundance and excess.  We stuff ourselves, catch a parade, watch some football, and get ready to shop.  Some of us may offer thanks for all this abundance, but of course it is an abundance produced by our hard work and by American ingenuity.  It is not about God providing our daily bread.  It is all about having more.

Despite Jesus' repeated warnings on the subject, despite the Bible's repeated warnings, we have become a nation obsessed with consumption and accumulation.  The gospel that spews non-stop from our televisions and other media is that happiness is about having more.  And so we simply cannot reconcile our culture's gospel with what Jesus says in today's gospel reading from Luke.  "There is still one thing  lacking. Sell all that you own and distribute the money to the poor,  and you will have treasure in heaven; then come, follow me... How hard it is for those who have wealth to enter the kingdom of God! Indeed, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God."


Our need to accumulate is rooted in our survival instinct, a drive to store up enough food to get through the winter and so on.  But of course our accumulating has nothing to do with survival.  Instead it comes from our anxiety, our worry that others may get more than us, our worry that there isn't enough to go around.  At a fundamental level, our need to accumulate is rooted in a fear that if we don't grab our share, we will be left out.  We simply do not trust that God's providence will be sufficient to give us all that we need.

I am suspicious that true gratitude becomes more and more difficult the more we have.  Wealth often breeds a sense of entitlement.  And somewhat surprisingly, wealth often diminishes generosity.  People of limited means are often much more generous with what little they have than those who are wealthy.  Having more, it seems, often leads to more anxieties and worries about holding on to it.  Perhaps this is why Jesus says wealth and the Kingdom of God are so incompatible. 

On Thursday, my family will join with a few others to celebrate.  We will enjoy turkey and pumpkin pie and good wine and many other delicious dishes.  I will have a grand time and wouldn't miss it for the world, nor would I begrudge anyone else such enjoyment.  But I do find myself growing increasingly uncomfortable with just what it is that motivates me.  To what degree is my life an act of gratitude and thanksgiving?  And to what degree is it an attempt to accumulate things, status, reputation, respect, etc?  To what degree is my life a joyful response to God's gifts?  And to what degree is it an attempt to assuage my own anxieties?

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Sunday Sermon audio - The Days Are Surely Coming

The Days Are Surely Coming - Nov. 21, Christ the King.mp3

Text of Sunday Sermon - The Days Are Surely Coming

Jeremiah 23:1-6

The Days Are Surely Coming

James Sledge                                          November 21, 2010 – Christ the King

The other day I was flipping through the hymnal looking at the hymns listed as being for today, Christ the King.  Some of them are pretty well known: “All Hail the Power of Jesus’ Name!”  “Crown Him with Many Crowns,” “Rejoice, the Lord is King,” to name a few.  Here is the first verse of another one.  “The head that once was crowned with thorns is crowned with glory now; a royal diadem adorns the mighty victor’s brow.”

When Jesus began his ministry he said, “The kingdom of God has come near.”  And now, on the last day of the Christian year, we celebrate that despite the powers-that-be trying to stop Jesus, despite their killing Jesus, he sits upon the throne of God’s kingdom, and the day is coming when everyone on earth will see his reign.

Christ is King!  All hail, King Jesus!  In a lot of people’s minds, the Jesus who died on the cross has now morphed into a king of power and might.  Some Christian writers go so far as to say that “the lamb becomes a lion.”  The Jesus who willingly suffered has been transformed into a warrior who will return to earth to set things right, by force if necessary.

Some of those hymns seem to hint at this.  Yes, Jesus suffered once, but now he is clothed in glory.  The crown of thorns has been replaced by a real crown.  The lamb that was slain is now “the mighty victor.”  That sounds a bit more like my image of a king, of God’s messiah.

We Americans don’t have that much direct experience with kings and royalty.  But I think most of us still have a pretty good image of them.  We’ve seen enough movies, read enough stories, and seen royals from other countries.  Think about the images that come to mind when you hear the word king.  Think about the things you associate with kings. 

There’s a king in the Bible who fits my stereotype of a king to a “t.”  It’s Solomon, who built the great Temple in Jerusalem, who was known for his wisdom.  Listen to this description of how Solomon lived.  Solomon's provision for one day was thirty cors of choice flour, and sixty cors of meal  ten fat oxen, and twenty pasture-fed cattle, one hundred sheep, besides deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fatted fowl…  (Solomon) also made a great ivory throne, and overlaid it with the finest gold… Nothing like it was ever made in any kingdom.  All King Solomon's drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the House of the Forest of Lebanon were of pure gold; none were of silver--it was not considered as anything in the days of Solomon…  Solomon gathered together chariots and horses; he had fourteen hundred chariots and twelve thousand horses, which he stationed in the chariot cities and with the king in Jerusalem… Solomon’s import of horses was from Egypt and Kue. (1 Kings 4:22ff)  And I suppose I should mention that Solomon also had 700 wives, including a daughter of Pharaoh, and 300 concubines.  Now that’s a King!

So on Christ the King Sunday, perhaps we should picture Jesus like Solomon, only grander.  Except I’m not sure the description of Solomon is all that complimentary.  In the book of Deuteronomy, just before the Israelites cross the Jordan River to enter the Land of Promise, Moses recites God’s law.  The law on kings says, He must not acquire many horses for himself, or return the people to Egypt in order to acquire more horses, since the LORD has said to you, "You must never return that way again."  And he must not acquire many wives for himself, or else his heart will turn away; also silver and gold he must not acquire in great quantity for himself.  When he has taken the throne of his kingdom, he shall have a copy of this law written for him in the presence of the levitical priests.  It shall remain with him and he shall read in it all the days of his life, so that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, diligently observing all the words of this law and these statutes, neither exalting himself above other members of the community nor turning aside from the commandment. (Deut. 17:16-20)

I wonder if the prophet Jeremiah has these verses from Deuteronomy in mind when he condemns the kings and priests and leaders of his day.  Jeremiah says that the terrible events in Jerusalem, the coming destruction of the city and the exile of the people to Babylon, are because of bad shepherds, shepherds who didn’t care tenderly for the flock, but who enriched themselves and enjoyed the good life. 

And Jeremiah promises that God will not sit idly by forever.  Those shepherds who have not attended to the flock will themselves be attended to by God.  And God will raise up a good shepherd who will search for and find all the lost sheep, none shall be missing.

If Jeremiah was around today, I think he would find quite a few folks who fit, more or less into the bad shepherd role.  As our nation and the world struggle to come out of the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, CEOs of corporations that have laid off thousands of workers are being paid hundreds of millions of dollars.  And when these CEOs are let go, they receive severance packages and retirements that often exceed what the rest of us will make in a lifetime.

And if you can’t become a CEO, make it big in politics.  If you do, you will never want for money again.  I saw a report the other day on how, during the worst economy in my lifetime, the average wealth of those in Congress jumped 16% between 2008 and 2009, from $785,000 to $911,000.  Almost half in Congress are now millionaires.  And all US presidents, regardless of party, walk away from the White House rich, whether or not they were rich when they were first elected.  They almost can’t help it, with appointments to boards, invitations to speak, and book deals.

I don’t want to paint with too broad of a brush, but I imagine that biblical prophets, who tended to speak large and use hyperbole, would have struggled to name the good shepherds of our day, the leaders who worry more about the sheep than themselves, who do not acquire great quantities for themselves, who do not exalt themselves over the other members of the community, who meditate day and night on doing what is right.  But curiously, when the prophets see their world falling apart because of bad shepherds, they do not hope for a return to the good ole days, but instead for a new thing that God will do.

I recently attended a retreat where the featured speaker was Old Testament scholar, Walter Brueggemann. He argued that one of the crucial tasks for the church in our time is to help our society move through a drama of loss and renewal.  And he says this can only happen when we look around us, speak the truth about our situation, lament the loss all around, and from there, begin to envision and hope for the new thing God is doing.

Facing loss, we often prefer denial.  We want things to get back to how they were.  We long for good ole days.  We speak of how we need to restore traditional values.  We fondly remember when there were 40 youth in the confirmation class. But the problem with all kinds of denial and nostalgia is they presume that some moment in the past is as good as it gets.  But as soon as we elevate any good ole day to such a pinnacle, we essentially deny the faith of prophets, the faith of Jesus.  We say that when it comes to our daily lives, to life here on earth, to history, God doesn’t have much to do with what happens.  God doesn’t matter.

And so in our day false prophets of nostalgia like Glenn Beck arise and insist that Jesus and the Bible don’t say anything about social justice, about a coming day when the poor are lifted up and the hungry fed, about a new day when the shepherds’ concern is only for the flock, not for themselves.

But prophets like Jeremiah stare into a time of defeat and exile, look at the ruins of a shattered Jerusalem, see the suffering of the poor and those caught up in the economic tragedy of that day and insist, “The days are surely coming…”  Jesus looks to the agony of the cross and insists that it will be a great victory for God’s kingdom that is drawing near.

And we, as we proclaim Christ our King, and as we offer our pledges to God, must decide what we will long for and hope for and work for.  As we see the world around us changing, as things we have counted on and enjoyed and grown comfortable with pass away, as we strain to see a future that is not at all clear, will we, like the Israelites who had escaped Egypt, look back in longing for the old, the familiar?  (Facing the uncertainty of the Wilderness, the Israelites begged Moses to take them back to the security of slavery in Egypt.)  Or will we trust that the future belongs to God?  Will we move toward something we can see only by faith, boldly proclaiming, “The days are surely coming…”

Spiritual Hiccups - Not Sure I Believe That

When you read the Bible, do you occasionally find yourself saying, "I'm not sure I believe that?"  I know that I've upset people at times when I preached from today's gospel reading and highlighted the idea of God favoring criminals who feel bad about what they've done over good, diligent, religious people.  And even Jesus' statement, "For all who exalt themselves will be humbled, but all who humble themselves will be exalted" can be problematic.  Do I really think being humble is a good strategy?  Do you?  I don't know.  I'm not sure I believe that.

We Protestants, with our focus on the Bible, don't like to admit to doubting it, but think of all the passages that trouble us, that we either ignore or use elaborate interpretations to make them say something other than what they actually say.  How many of us believe that wealth is one of the single biggest obstacles to following Jesus?  How many of us believe in turning the other cheek?  Much has been said about how few Christians regularly read the Bible, and I wonder if this isn't a strategy for avoiding those "I'm not sure I believe that" moments. 

I've said this before, but I increasingly feel that the end of Christendom, our culture's unwillingness to continue propping up the Church, is a huge gift.  When Christianity became wedded to the state, it had to become compatible with the state.  It had to tone down those teachings of Jesus that made people in power uncomfortable.  It had to ignore those teachings that undermined the national, military, colonial, economic, or other ambitions of the state.  And while Christian faith often mitigated some of the state's worst tendencies, very often the state did more transforming of Christianity that the other way round. And the Church compromised on modeling the ways of the Kingdom to the world.

But the culture has realized that it no longer needs the blessings of the Church.  It no longer is willing to send us members, shut down activity on Sunday morning, or augment Christian Education in the schools.  And so we are free.  Our contract with the state has been broken.  We no longer need sell our souls for the culture's promise of preferential treatment.  We can be the outposts of the Kingdom Jesus calls us to be. 

And that brings me back to those "I'm not sure I believe that" moments.  What if our discomfort with many  biblical teachings is rooted in that deal Christianity made with culture all those centuries ago?  And if so, don't we need to reexamine our discomfort to see if it's nothing but old cultural residue that seeks to distort the faith for the culture's benefit?

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Spiritual Hiccups - A Troubled Marriage

Today's reading from Malachi is probably not the best example, but it is one among many where God's relationship with Israel is described in terms of marriage.  And looking at a number of such readings, what strikes me is how God goes through the whole gamut of emotions we might expect of someone who loves a spouse dearly but discovers that the spouse is unfaithful.

Faced with Israel's repeated unfaithfulness, God's anger can boil up and issue in promises to destroy.  But then God can plead with Israel to come back, can speak of wooing Israel once again.  God's relationship with Israel is depicted as the source of endless emotional turmoil for Yahweh.  The decision to enter a covenant with them has complicated God's life in countless ways.


Christians - at least Western ones - often seem troubled by such a view of God.  Our understandings of divinity are much more influenced by Greek, philosophical thinking.  Parts of the New Testament itself have a bit more Greek, Western influence.  But of course all of that comes after Jesus, who is quite at home in the world of the Old Testament prophets, the very folks who spoke of God's inner turmoil.

And besides, what is Jesus' prayer in Gethsemane if not a manifestation of inner turmoil, a poignant picture of how complicated God's life is because of us.

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